Nitrogen tushen harshen wuta retardants
Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan melamine da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga gare shi, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu za a iya amfani da su su kaɗai ko kuma su ne manyan abubuwan da ke cikin radadin harshen wuta. Waɗannan radadin harshen wuta ba su da halogen, ba su da hayaƙi mai yawa, ba su da zafi da haske, suna da ingantaccen aikin radadin harshen wuta da ƙarancin farashi. Matsalar da ke tattare da su ita ce robobi da ake amfani da su don radadin harshen wuta suna da wahalar sarrafawa kuma ba su da kyau a cikin kayan tushe. Bukatun girman barbashi da rarraba girman barbashi sun fi tsauri kuma wani lokacin ana buƙatar wakilai masu aiki tare. Baya ga melamine, akwai kuma melamine cyanurate (MCA) , phosphates, borates, gishirin guanidine, gishirin dicyandiamide, da sauransu. Ana amfani da waɗannan radadin harshen wuta a cikin PA, PU da PO. Ana iya amfani da su a cikin PA, PU, PO, PET, PS, PVC da epoxy resins, kuma sun dace da yadi, fenti, itace da takarda.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na abubuwan da ke ɗauke da nitrogen a matsayin masu kare harshen wuta yana haɗuwa tare da furotin mai dauke da harshen wuta don samun tasirin haɗin gwiwar phosphorus-nitrogen. Ganyayyaki masu ɗauke da nitrogen tare da mahaɗan abubuwan da ke ɗauke da phosphorus suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi akan cellulose fiye da jimlar tasirin wutar lantarki na mahaɗan mutum ɗaya. Nitrogen yana haɓaka phosphorylation na cellulose ta hanyar phosphoric acid kuma don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga tasirin kumburin wuta. Sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke aiki na yawancin ƙwayoyin wuta na intumescent sune phosphorus da nitrogen.
Melamine
Melamine (MA) ba mai ƙonewa ba ne, cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi lokacin da aka yi zafi, kuma yana lalacewa lokacin da aka yi zafi sosai. Dalilan dalilin da ya sa yana da kyau kwarai da gaske sun haɗa da:
- Halin lalacewa yana faruwa a 250 zuwa 450 ° C, yana ɗaukar zafi mai yawa kuma yana ba da ammonia don samar da nau'i na condensates;
- Ikon yin tasiri akan yanayin narkewar abu da haɓaka cajinsa cikin coke.
Melamine ba shi da tsada, ba ya lalacewa, ba ya da haushi ga fata da idanu, kuma ba mutagen ba. Rashin lahani shi ne cewa yana samar da cyanide mai guba lokacin da bazuwar a yanayin zafi.
Melamine wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi da yawa a cikin harshen wuta, musamman a matsayin wani ɓangare na masu kare harshen wuta da kuma na polyurethane na harshen wuta da resins na triazine. An yi amfani da shi tare da esters na ruwa phosphate, melamine ana amfani dashi sosai don ƙone kumfa na polyurethane.
Melamine cyanurate
Ana samar da melamine cyanurate ta hanyar mayar da melamine tare da cyanuric acid, wanda ake kira MCA. Yana da mai mai da kuma mai riƙe da wuta, farar lu'u-lu'u, mara wari da rashin ɗanɗano. Yana da kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin 300 ° C kuma yana farawa a kusa da 350 ° C, amma ba ya lalacewa, yanayin bazuwar sa yana kusan 440 ~ 450 ° C. MCA ya ƙunshi babban abun ciki na nitrogen, mai sauƙin ɗaukar danshi, ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin gawayi, iskar iskar nitrogen mai ƙonewa, rage yawan iskar oxygen da bazuwar polymer da gas ke samarwa. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar iskar gas da haɓakar thermal suna ɗaukar wani ɓangare na zafi, don haka samar da aikin hana wuta.
Ana amfani da MCA sosai a cikin roba, nailan, resin phenolic, resin epoxy, emulsion na acrylic da sauran resin olefin. Ana amfani da MCA azaman mai hana wuta don resin epoxy. Ana haɓaka ma'aunin iskar oxygen daga 24% zuwa 28% zuwa 46% zuwa 48% kuma ya dace musamman don abubuwan da ke hana wuta da sassa. An ƙara shi zuwa vinyl acetate emulsions, acrylate emulsions da rubber emulsions don yin suturar wuta mai lalacewa tare da kyakkyawar mannewa da santsi, kuma babu gurɓataccen launi.
MCA wani maganin hana harshen wuta ne na triazine wanda ke da kyawawan halaye kuma amfani da shi ko haɗawa da wasu maganin hana harshen wuta ya fi tasiri fiye da amfani da melamine kaɗai.
Melamine phosphonates
Melamine phosphonates za a iya shirya daga melamine da monophenylphosphonic acid. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa yana da wuya a shirya kuma don hana shi daga kumfa lokacin da ake haɗuwa da polyolefins, ana aiwatar da zubar da ruwa. Wannan maƙarƙashiyar harshen wuta kuma na iya haifar da gurɓataccen launi. Ana amfani dashi ko'ina azaman mai hana wuta don polyolefins da polystyrene.
Melamine pyrophosphate
Ana iya samar da melamine pyrophosphate ta hanyar magance melamine tare da phosphoric acid sannan a dumama shi a 250-270 ° C. Akwai abubuwa da yawa na kashe wuta don fibers, textiles da wasu robobi, amma tasirin wutar da ke kan robobin polyurethane ba shi da gamsarwa, yayin da melamine pyrophosphate za a iya amfani da shi yadda ya kamata don kunna robobin polyurethane mai rauni. Polypropylene mai ɗaukar wuta ta samfurin amsawa tare da pentaerythritol ko samfurin amsawa tare da pentaerythritol da phosphoric acid kuma na iya samar da wani abu mara ƙonewa, wanda ba mai digowa ba.
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