Menene Aerogel?

Haihuwar Airgel

A shekara ta 1931, Kistler ya raba ruwa daga daskararrun ta hanyar amfani da fasaha na bushewa na barasa kuma ya kiyaye tsarin iskar gas daga raguwa da rushewa, wanda ya haifar da airgel a duniya.

Ma'anar sunan farko Airgel
Airgel ne mai nauyi nano-porous amorphous m abu tare da nanometer-sikelin micro-barbashi tara tare da juna don samar da wani nanometer-sikelin porous tsarin cibiyar sadarwa da kuma cike da babban adadin gas watsawa kafofin watsa labarai a cikin cibiyar sadarwa kwarangwal.

Aerogels ba kawai kayan aiki bane, har ma da sabon yanayin kwayoyin halitta. Yanayin airgel ya bambanta da sauran jihohin kwayoyin halitta a yawancin kaddarorin. Yana da ƙayyadaddun girma da siffa kamar ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka girmansa na fili zai iya ɗagawa daga iyakar 1 g/cm³ zuwa 0.001 g/cm³ (ƙasa da yawan yawan iska); a lokaci guda, yana da tsarin soso-kamar porous, tare da mahara Properties na microscopic (nano-sikelin kwarangwal), macroscopic (condensed al'amarin) da kuma mesoscopic (multi-matakin da fractal tsarin) halaye, yin aerogels mallaka da yawa musamman Properties. Yana baje kolin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarancin phonon mai ƙarancin ƙima, ƙima mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, ƙarancin saurin sauti, ƙayyadaddun yanki mai ƙayyadaddun fage, faɗi mai yawa da rarraba index, da sauransu.

Rarraba Aerogels
Akwai kewayon aerogels, wanda ke rufe kusan dukkanin tsarin kayan aiki. Gabaɗaya, bisa ga tsarin sinadarai, ana iya raba su zuwa ƙwayoyin aerogels, inorganic aerogels da composite aerogels, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana iya rarraba Aerogels zuwa silicon, carbon, sulfur, ƙarfe oxide da tsarin ƙarfe bisa ga manyan abubuwan da suka shafi.

Matsayi & Matsayin Aerogels
Masana kimiyya sun ce aerogels za su canza duniya.

An jera Airgel a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kimiyya da fasaha guda 10 a fitowa ta 250 na mujallar Kimiyya ta Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2007, The Times ta ruwaito cewa Airgel shine ƙarfi mafi sauƙi a duniya wanda zai iya jure ƙarfin fashewar 1kg na dynamite kuma ya kiyaye ku daga zafin wuta sama da 1300 ° C. Masana kimiyya suna binciken amfani da airgel a cikin komai daga super-insulated sararin samaniya dace zuwa super capacitors zuwa mai kara kuzari zuwa na gaba tsara na wasan tseren tennis. Airgel yayi alƙawarin ga tsararraki na kayan almara kamar resin phenolic daga 1930s, fiber fiber daga 1980s da silicone daga 1990s.

An jera Airgel a cikin littafin Guinness na duniya sau da yawa a matsayin mafi haske a duniya. Har ila yau, Airgel yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin wutar lantarki da ƙididdiga mai jujjuyawa kuma yana da insulating sau 39 fiye da mafi kyawun filayen gilashi. An yi amfani da Airgel wajen killace tashar sararin samaniyar Mir ta Rasha da kuma jirgin ruwan Mars Pathfinder na Amurka, kuma tuni ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antar sararin samaniya.

Tarihin Ci gaban Airgel
1931, Kistler ya fara shirya aerogels a Jami'ar Stanford, Amurka.
1985, taron tattaunawa na farko kan aerogels, wanda aka sani da ISA, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Würzburg, Jamus ta shirya.
A shekara ta 1993, ana amfani da aerogels don killace riguna, jiragen sama da jiragen sama.
2002, Aspen Aerogel, kamfanin NASA, an kafa shi don haɓakawa da samar da aerogels.
2004, binciken airgel da cibiyoyin bincike na cikin gida na kasar Sin suka gudanar.
A shekara ta 2006, kamfanonin jiragen sama na cikin gida a kasar Sin sun fara kera aerogels.
2017, China promulgated, GB/T 34336-201, Nonporous Airgel Composite Insulation Products
2021, Majalisar Jiha ta ba da, "Tsarin Ayyuka na Carbon Isar Ganiya ta 2023" kan haɓaka bincike da haɓaka fiber carbon, aerogel, ƙarfe na musamman da sauran kayan yau da kullun.

Mabuɗin Properties na Aerogels
(1) Ultra-light. Airgel shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi a duniya, tare da mafi ƙarancin yawa na kashi ɗaya cikin shida na yawan iska. Matsakaicin bambance-bambancen yawa shine gabaɗaya 0.001 ~ 1g/cm³.

(2) Babban porosity da babban yanki na musamman. A porosity ne 80% ~ 99.9%, da takamaiman surface yanki ne 200 ~ 1000m2 / g, da kuma hankula size na pores ne 1 ~ 100nm.

(3) Super thermal insulation. Siriri nano-cibiyar sadarwa na aerogel yadda ya kamata yana iyakance yaɗuwar tashin hankali na cikin gida, kuma ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin zafinsa shine umarni 2 ~ 3 na girma ƙasa da na kayan gilashin daidai.

Ka'idar Airgel thermal insulation
Rage canjin zafi: Ƙididdiga marasa iyaka na nanoparticles a cikin airgel suna samar da kwarangwal na raga, kuma zafi zai iya gudana tare da adadi mara iyaka na nanoparticles. Za a iya gudanar da kwararar zafi tare da adadi mara iyaka na nanoparticles, wanda ya haifar da hanyar da ba ta da iyaka ta hanyar canja wurin zafi a cikin m. Canja wurin zafi a cikin m yana raguwa zuwa matakin mafi ƙasƙanci.

Hana fitar da zafi : Matsakaicin girman ramukan aerogels shine 20-40 nm, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin kewayon ƙwayoyin iskar gas na 69 nm, kuma ƙwayoyin iskar gas da ke cikin ramukan suna rasa ikon motsi cikin 'yanci, wanda hakan ke sa convection ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Rage hasken zafi : Bangon ramin da nanoparticles ke samarwa a cikin aerogels garkuwa ne na infrared, kuma adadin garkuwa mara iyaka yana rage hasken zafi sosai.

(4) Catalysis. The kananan barbashi size, high takamaiman surface yankin da low yawa na airgel sa aiki da kuma selectivity na airgel catalysts fiye da na al'ada catalysts, da kuma aiki aka gyara za a iya sosai uniformly tarwatsa a cikin m, kuma shi ma yana da kyau kwarai thermal kwanciyar hankali, wanda zai iya yadda ya kamata rage abin da ya faru na gefen halayen.

(5) Rufewar sauti. Ƙananan kaddarorin saurin sauti na aerogels sun sa su zama kayan aiki mai kyau don jinkirin sauti ko zafin sautin zafin jiki. Matsakaicin kewayon tasirin sauti na airgel yana da girma [103 ~ 107kg/(㎡-s)], wanda shine mafi kyawun juriya mai juriya da kayan haɗin gwiwa don masu gano ultrasonic. Juriya na acoustic na piezoelectric yumbura da ake amfani da su don na'urorin na'urorin ultrasonic da masu ganowa shine 1.5 × 107kg / (㎡-s), yayin da juriya na acoustic na iska shine kawai 400kg / (㎡-s). Yin amfani da siliki airgel tare da kauri na 1/4 wavelength da yawa na kusan 0.3g/cm³ a ​​matsayin kayan haɗin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin piezoelectric yumbu da iska na iya ƙara ƙarfin sauti ta 30dB, haɓaka ingancin watsawar raƙuman sauti da rage siginar-zuwa amo rabo a aikace-aikacen na'ura.

(6) Aikin tacewa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da nanostructured aerogels azaman sabon nau'in kayan tace iskar gas mai inganci sosai. Saboda babban yanki na musamman na musamman, masana kimiyya suna kiran aerogels a matsayin "super soso" kuma suna da kyau don yada gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa, da fitar da gubar da mercury daga ruwa, yana mai da su kyakkyawan abu don magance bala'o'in muhalli.

(7) Kayayyakin gani. Pure SiO₂ airgel yana da haske kuma mara launi, kuma ma'anarsa mai jujjuyawa (1.006 ~ 1.06) yana kusa da na iska, wanda ke nufin cewa SiO₂ airgel ba shi da hasarar tunani ga hasken da ya faru kuma yana iya watsa hasken rana yadda ya kamata. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da shi don yin rufi da gilashin rage amo.

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