Da karfe 13:00 na agogon gida a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2023, tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Japan Fukushima Daiichi ta fara fitar da gurbataccen ruwa na nukiliya zuwa cikin teku. Ya tayar da damuwa sosai a duniya. Jakadan kasar Sin a kasar Japan Wu Jianghao ya gabatar da wata gagarumar zanga-zanga ga gwamnatin kasar Japan dangane da fitar da gurbataccen ruwan nukiliyar Fukushima zuwa cikin teku; Babban Hukumar Kwastam ta kasar Sin: An dakatar da shigo da kayayyakin ruwa na Japan gaba daya; Firayim Ministan Koriya ta Kudu: Koriya ta Kudu za ta ci gaba da hana shigo da kayayyakin ruwa na Fukushima na Japan ba canzawa.
Najasar nukiliya, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, najasa ce mai ɗauke da aikin rediyo. Kamar ruwan sharar rediyo mai ƙarfi da aka samar a cikin hatsarurrukan yaɗuwar nukiliya, ko sanyaya ruwa a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye da makamashin nukiliya. Masana sun ce ruwan dattin nukiliya ba ya daidaita da ruwan dattin nukiliya. Najasar nukiliya ta fi cutarwa, tana ɗauke da nau'ikan sinadarai na rediyoaktif iri 64 ciki har da tritium.
Najasar nukiliya ta ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na rediyo, kamar uranium, plutonium, caesium, strontium, aidin da cobalt. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa, kamar rabin rayuwar uranium-238, wato shekaru biliyan 4.5, da rabin rayuwar plutonium-239, wato shekaru 24,000. Wadannan abubuwa na rediyo suna haifar da haɗari mai tsanani ga jikin ɗan adam da muhalli, kamar su carcinogenicity, teratogenicity da mutagenicity. Ya danganta da tushe da yanayi daban-daban, ƙididdigewa da ƙimar abubuwa daban-daban na rediyoaktif a cikin magudanar ruwa sun bambanta, amma yawanci sun wuce ƙa'idodin duniya da iyakokin aminci.
Idan aka watsar da najasar nukiliya a cikin muhalli ba tare da ingantaccen magani ba, zai yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin halittu da lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana iya watsa abubuwa masu amfani da rediyo ta hanyar ruwa, ƙasa, iska, sarƙoƙin abinci, da sauransu, wanda ke haifar da ƙara yawan adadin radiation a cikin kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da cututtuka daban-daban da maye gurbi. Don haka, magani da zubar da najasar nukiliya dole ne su bi tsauraran ka'idoji da ka'idoji don gujewa duk wata yuwuwar yabo da hadari.
Fasahohin sarrafa sharar nukiliya da aka saba amfani da su a ƙasashe daban-daban sune kamar haka:
- Hanyar hazo sinadarai
Hanyar hazo sinadarai wata hanya ce ta daidaita ma'aunin hazo da adadin adadin radionuclides a cikin ruwan datti. Hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates da sauran mahadi na radionuclides a cikin ruwa mai datti ba su da yawa kuma saboda haka ana iya cire su yayin jiyya. Manufar maganin sinadarai shine don canjawa da tattara radiyonuclides a cikin ruwan sharar gida zuwa ƙaramin ƙarami na sludge, ta yadda ruwan da aka ajiye yana da ƙarancin rediyoaktif ɗin da ya rage kuma zai iya cika ka'idojin fitarwa.
Amfanin wannan hanyar shine ƙarancin farashi, kyakkyawan tasirin cirewa na logarithmic radionuclides, da ikon kula da abubuwan da ba su da radiyo da yawan abubuwan da suke da shi da ruwan sharar ruwa tare da ruwa mai yawa. Wuraren jiyya da fasahar da aka yi amfani da su suna da cikakkiyar gogewa.
A halin yanzu, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su kamar gishirin ƙarfe, gishirin aluminum, phosphates, da soda. Don inganta tsarin coagulation, ana ƙara taimakon coagulation irin su yumbu, silica da aka kunna, da polymer electrolytes. Don cesium, ruthenium, aidin da sauran abubuwan da aka tattara na rediyoaktif waɗanda ke da wahalar cirewa, yakamata a yi amfani da hazo na musamman na sinadarai. Misali, ana iya cire cesium ta hanyar hazo na ferric ferrocyanide da jan karfe ferrocyanide. Wasu mutane suna amfani da xanthate sitaci maras narkewa don magance ruwan sharar gida mai ɗauke da ƙarfe. Tasirin magani yana da kyau, aikace-aikacen yana da faɗi, kuma ƙimar cirewar rediyo shine> 90%. Yana da ion musayar flocculant tare da kyakkyawan aiki. Domin babu ragowar sulfide yayin da ake magance ruwan sha, ya fi dacewa da maganin datti.
- Hanyar musayar ion
Yawancin radionuclides suna ionized a cikin ruwa, musamman ruwan sharar radiyo bayan maganin hazo na sinadarai. Saboda kawar da dakatarwa da colloidal radionuclides, abin da ya rage shine kusan nau'in ionic, yawancin su cations. Bugu da ƙari, radionuclides sun kasance a cikin ƙananan ruwa, don haka suna da matukar dacewa don maganin musayar ion, kuma idan babu tsangwama daga ions marasa radiyo, musayar ion na iya aiki sosai na dogon lokaci. Yawancin resins na musanya cation suna da babban ƙarfin cirewa da babban ƙarfin musanya don strontium na rediyoaktif. Resin phenolic cation na iya cire cesium mai radiyo yadda ya kamata, kuma resin microporous cation ba zai iya cire cations na rediyo kawai ba, har ma ya kawar da zirconium, niobium, cobalt a cikin nau'in colloid, da ruthenium a cikin nau'ikan hadaddun ta hanyar adsorption. Koyaya, wannan doka tana da rauni mai mutuwa. Lokacin da abun ciki na nuclides na rediyoaktif ko ions marasa radiyo a cikin sharar gida ya yi yawa, gadon guduro zai shiga cikin sauri ya zama mara aiki. Yawancin lokaci, resin da ake amfani da shi don magance ruwan sharar rediyo ba ya sake farfadowa, don haka da zarar ya kasa, sai a maye gurbinsa nan da nan.
Hanyar musayar ion tana amfani da resin musayar ion, wanda ya dace da ruwa mai sharar gida tare da ƙarancin gishiri. Lokacin da abun ciki na gishiri ya yi girma, farashin magani tare da resin musayar ion ya fi girma fiye da tsarin zaɓi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin zaɓi na resin wanda ke da alaƙa mai girma tare da radionuclides. A cikin tsarkakewar ruwan sha na rediyoaktif, amfani da electrodialysis na iya ƙara haɓakar amfani da tsarin musayar ion.
- Hanyar adsorption
Adsorption hanya ce mai inganci don cire ion ƙarfe mai nauyi daga ruwa ta amfani da abubuwa masu ƙarfi don haɗawa da cire ion ƙarfe mai nauyi. Makullin fasaha na hanyar tallatawa shine zaɓi na adsorbent. Adsorbents da aka saba amfani da su ana kunna carbon, zeolite, kaolin, bentonite, yumbu, da dai sauransu. Daga cikin su, zeolite yana da arha, aminci da sauƙin samu. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran inorganic adsorbents, zeolite yana da mafi girman ƙarfin talla da ingantaccen sakamako na tsarkakewa. Ƙarfin tsarkakewa na zeolite shine sau 10 mafi girma fiye da na sauran adsorbents na inorganic, don haka yana da matukar gasa mai kula da ruwa. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa azaman adsorbent a cikin hanyoyin magance ruwa, kuma yana aiki azaman mai musayar ion da wakili mai tacewa.
Carbon da aka kunna yana da ƙarfin adsorption mai ƙarfi da ƙimar cirewa mai girma, amma haɓakar haɓakar carbon da aka kunna ba shi da ƙasa, kuma ingancin ruwan da aka kula da shi yana da wahala a cika buƙatun sake amfani. Farashin yana da tsada kuma aikace-aikacen yana iyakance. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, nau'o'in nau'in kayan haɓakawa tare da ƙarfin haɓakawa an haɓaka sannu a hankali. Nazarin da suka dace sun nuna cewa chitosan da abubuwan da suka samo asali ne masu kyau masu talla don ions masu nauyi. Bayan haɗe-haɗe, ana iya sake amfani da resin chitosan sau da yawa ba tare da rage ƙarfin talla ba. Yin amfani da gyare-gyaren sepiolite don kula da ruwan sharar ƙarfe mai nauyi yana da kyakkyawan ƙarfin talla don Co da Ag, kuma abun cikin ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin ruwan sharar da aka kula yana da ƙasa da ƙasa sosai fiye da cikakkiyar ma'aunin fitar da najasa.
- Evaporation da maida hankali
Hanyar maida hankali ta evaporative yana da babban abun da ke tattare da hankali da kuma abubuwan tsarkakewa, kuma galibi ana amfani da su don magance matsakaici da babban matakin ruwa mai radiyo. Ka'idar aiki na hanyar evaporation ita ce: ana aika ruwan sharar rediyo a cikin na'urar fitarwa, kuma a lokaci guda, ana gabatar da tururi mai dumama don fitar da ruwa zuwa tururin ruwa, yayin da radionuclides ya kasance a cikin ruwa. Ruwan da aka kafa a lokacin aikin fitar da ruwa yana fitar da shi ko sake amfani da shi, kuma ruwan da aka tattara yana ƙara ƙarfafawa. Hanyar tattarawar evaporation bai dace ba don magance ruwan sharar gida wanda ke dauke da nuclides masu canzawa da kumfa cikin sauki; yana cinye makamashin zafi mai yawa kuma yana da tsadar aiki; a lokaci guda kuma, dole ne a yi la'akari da yiwuwar barazana kamar lalata, ɓarkewa, da fashewa yayin ƙira da aiki. Domin inganta amfani da tururi da rage tsadar aiki, kasashe ba su taka rawar gani ba wajen samar da sabbin na'urorin da za a iya fitar da su kamar su tururi, da na'urar fitar da siraran fina-finai, da masu fitar da iska da sauran sabbin na'urorin da suka samu sakamako mai ban mamaki.
- Fasahar rabuwar membrane
Fasahar Membrane hanya ce mai ingantacciyar inganci, tattalin arziki kuma abin dogaro don magance ruwan sharar rediyo. Saboda fasahar rabuwar membrane tana da halaye na ingantacciyar kyawawa, babu canjin lokaci na kayan, da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, fasahar membrane an yi bincike sosai.
Fasahar membrane da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashen waje ita ce: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration , polymer-soluble membrane filtering, reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, membrane distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, liquid membrane membrane, ferrite adsorption filtering membrane separation da anion-exchange paper membrane da sauran hanyoyi.
Melamine kumfa, wani nau'in nanoscale barga mai girma uku-girma net Organic tace substrate, ta pore size har zuwa 1nm, pore iya aiki har zuwa 0.297cc/g, pore bude kudi har zuwa 98%. Yana iya cimma ingantaccen talla da tacewa na najasar nukiliya, har ma da yawancin nau'ikan adsorbents ana ƙara su da su.
- Maganin halitta
Hanyoyin maganin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da phytoremediation da hanyoyin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Phytoremediation yana nufin sabuwar fasahar jiyya a cikin wurin da ke amfani da tsire-tsire masu kore da rhizosphere ƙwayoyin cuta na asali don yin aiki tare don kawar da gurɓatawa a cikin muhalli.
Daga sakamakon binciken da ake da shi, nau'ikan fasahohin da ake amfani da su na bioremediation galibi sun haɗa da ginanniyar fasahar ciyayi, fasahar tacewa rhizosphere, fasahar hakar shuka, fasahar ƙarfafa shuka, da fasahar fitar da shuka. Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan sinadarin Uranium da ke cikin ruwa ana iya wadatar da shi a tushen tsirrai.
Maganin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙarancin ruwan sharar rediyo wata sabuwar fasaha ce da aka fara yin nazari a cikin 1960s. An yi wasu bincike kan cire uranium a cikin ruwan sharar rediyo ta hanyar wannan hanya a gida da waje, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin matakin bincike na gwaji a halin yanzu.
Tare da bunƙasa fasahar kere-kere da zurfafa nazarin tsarin mu'amala tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da karafa, sannu a hankali mutane sun gane cewa yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don magance gurɓatar ruwa na rediyoaktif hanya ce mai ban sha'awa. Ana amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta azaman masu kula da ilimin halitta don sha, haɓakawa da dawo da radionuclides kamar uranium a cikin maganin ruwa, wanda ke da inganci, ƙarancin farashi da ƙarancin kuzari. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, wanda zai iya cimma burin rage yawan sharar rediyo da kuma haifar da yanayi mai kyau don sabuntawa ko zubar da ƙasa na nuclides.
- Hanyar Magneto-molecule
Cibiyar Nazarin Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka (EPRI) ta haɓaka hanyar Mag-Mole-clue don rage adadin sharar rediyo kamar su strontium, cesium da cobalt da aka samar. Hanyar ta dogara ne akan furotin da ake kira ferritin, wanda aka canza shi don amfani da kwayoyin maganadisu don zaɓar abubuwan da ke damun gurɓataccen abu, wanda sai a cire su daga mafita ta hanyar maganadisu, sa'an nan kuma ana dawo da karafa da aka daure ta hanyar mayar da gadon matattarar maganadisu. Ferritin shine furotin multiunit wanda aka adana sosai wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin rayayyun halittu, wanda ke da halaye na musamman na juriya ga acid dilute (pH <2.0), tsarma tushe (pH = 12.0), da yanayin zafi mai girma (mai bambanta zuwa 70 ~ 75 ° C zafin ruwa). Tare da zurfafa bincike na ferritin, an sami babban ci gaba a cikin binciken sabbin ayyuka a cikin vitro ta amfani da sararin nano na harsashi na furotin. Nazarin in vitro ya nuna cewa ferritin yana da ikon adana ions masu nauyi a cikin vitro. Bugu da kari, binciken da aka yi a baya ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin ajiyar ƙarfe da sakin ferritin ta hanyar amfani da sauran ions ƙarfe masu nauyi a matsayin binciken da ke gogayya da ions baƙin ƙarfe. Sabanin haka, binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa wannan kadarorin na ferritin don kama ion karfe da kuma jure wa juyewa za a iya amfani da shi don gina injin sarrafa ferritin da kuma amfani da shi a cikin filin don ci gaba da lura da matakin gurɓataccen ruwa mai gudana ta hanyar ion ƙarfe mai nauyi. Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi a cikin vitro, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarfe, irin su FeS nuclei, CdS nuclei, Mn3O4 nuclei, Fe3O4 magnetic iron nuclei da uranium nuclei na kayan aikin rediyo, an samu nasarar haɗuwa a cikin nano sarari na furotin ferritin.
- Hanyar warkewa mara kyau
Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Kogin Savannah sun ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar hanya don sarrafa wasu ƙananan sharar sharar rediyo a cikin ingantaccen tsari don amintaccen zubarwa. Wannan sabon tsari yana amfani da hanyar coagulation mai ƙarancin zafin jiki (<90°C) don daidaita ruwa mai ƙarfi na alkaline, ƙarancin aiki na sharar radiyo, wato, don canza ruwan sharar cikin jiki mara ƙarfi. Masanan kimiyya sun kira jikin da aka warke na ƙarshe da "hydro ceramic" (wani yumbu mai ƙura da biski). Sun ce jiki mai ƙarfi na ƙarshe yana da wuyar gaske, kwanciyar hankali kuma yana daɗewa, kuma yana iya gyara radionuclides a cikin tsarin sa na zeolite. Wannan tsari na shirye-shiryen yayi kama da tsarin samuwar duwatsu a cikin yanayi.
- Sifili-valent baƙin ƙarfe percolation dauki bango fasahar
Katanga mai jujjuyawa (PRB) hanya ce da ke fitowa a cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba kamar Turai da Amurka don kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ƙasa. Ana shigar da PRBs gabaɗaya a cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daidai da alkiblar ruwan ƙasa. Lokacin da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa ke gudana ta bangon amsawa a ƙarƙashin aikin nasa na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, za a cire gurɓataccen ta hanyar halayen jiki da na sinadarai tare da kayan amsawa a bango, don cimma manufar dawo da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.
Wannan wata dabara ce ta sabuntawa wacce ke buƙatar kulawa kaɗan kuma ba ta da tsada. A matsayin muhimmin reshe na fasaha na PRB, fasahar Fe0-PRB an yi bincike da haɓakawa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa da kuma a cikin abubuwa da yawa na maganin gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasa. An sami sakamako mai ƙarfafawa a cikin nazarin tsarin amsawa, tsari da shigarwa na PRBs, da kuma nazarin sababbin kayan aiki. Masanan kasar Sin sun fara yin nazari kan fasahar bangon bangon da ke aiki da sifili da baƙin ƙarfe ke wakilta don gyara (maganin) wutsiyar uranium da ruwan sharar radiyo, kuma binciken da ake yi yanzu ya sami sakamako.
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