Matsalar Duniya
Abubuwan gurɓataccen yanayi (POPs) sunadaran sinadarai masu guba waɗanda ke yin illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli a duniya. Domin ana iya jigilar su ta hanyar iska da ruwa, yawancin POPs da ake samarwa a ƙasa ɗaya na iya kuma shafar mutane da namun daji nesa da inda ake amfani da su da kuma sake su. Suna dawwama na tsawon lokaci a cikin muhalli kuma suna iya tarawa da wucewa daga wannan nau'in zuwa na gaba ta hanyar sarkar abinci. Don magance wannan damuwa ta duniya, {asar Amirka ta ha] a hannu da} asashen 90, da {asashen Turai, don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Stockholm, Sweden, a watan Mayu 2001. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, da aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, kasashe sun amince su rage ko kawar da samarwa, amfani, da / ko saki na 12 key POPs (duba akwatin), da kuma ƙayyade a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar tsarin nazarin kimiyya na duniya na POP.
Yawancin POPs da aka haɗa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm ba a samar da su a wannan ƙasa. Duk da haka, 'yan ƙasar Amurka da wuraren zama na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari daga POPs waɗanda suka dawwama a cikin muhalli daga POPs da aka samar ba da gangan ba waɗanda aka saki a cikin Amurka, daga POPs waɗanda aka saki a wani wuri sannan kuma a kai su nan (ta iska ko ruwa, misali), ko daga duka biyu. Kodayake yawancin ƙasashe masu ci gaba sun ɗauki matakai masu ƙarfi don sarrafa POPs, yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kwanan nan kawai sun fara taƙaita samarwa, amfani, da sakin su.
Yarjejeniyar Stockholm tana ƙara muhimmin girman duniya ga ƙoƙarinmu na ƙasa da na yanki don sarrafa POPs. Ko da yake har yanzu Amurka ba ta shiga cikin yarjejeniyar Stockholm ba, yarjejeniyar ta taka rawar gani wajen sarrafa sinadarai masu cutarwa a matakin kasa da na duniya baki daya. Misali, EPA da Jihohi sun rage yawan fitowar dioxins da furon zuwa kasa, iska, da ruwa daga tushen Amurka. Baya ga tantance dioxins, EPA kuma tana aiki tuƙuru kan rage DDT daga tushen duniya. Amurka da Kanada sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kawar da abubuwa masu guba a cikin manyan tabkuna don rage hayaki daga abubuwa masu guba. Amurka ta kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yankin na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Turai kan POPs karkashin yarjejeniyar gurbatar iska mai nisa mai nisa wacce ke magana kan POPs na taron Stockholm da sauran sinadarai.
Baya ga yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi POPs da Amurka ta shiga wajen rattaba hannu, Amurka ta kuma ba da tallafi na kudi da fasaha ga kasashen duniya da ke tallafawa rage POPs. Kadan daga cikin waɗannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da dioxin da furotin saki a Asiya da Rasha, da rage hanyoyin PCB a Rasha.
Menene POPs?
Yawancin POPs an yi amfani da su sosai yayin haɓakar samar da masana'antu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da aka shigar da dubban sinadarai na roba a cikin kasuwanci. Yawancin waɗannan sinadarai sun tabbatar da fa'ida a cikin maganin kwari da cututtuka, samar da amfanin gona, da masana'antu. Wadannan sinadarai iri daya, duk da haka, sun yi illa ga lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli.
Mutane da yawa sun saba da wasu sanannun POPs, kamar PCBs, DDT, da dioxins. POPs sun haɗa da kewayon abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da:
Abubuwan da aka samar da gangan a halin yanzu ko sau ɗaya ana amfani da su a aikin gona, sarrafa cututtuka, masana'antu, ko hanyoyin masana'antu. Misalai sun haɗa da PCB, waɗanda suka kasance masu amfani a aikace-aikacen masana'antu iri-iri (misali, a cikin injina na lantarki da manyan capacitors, a matsayin na'urar lantarki da musayar zafi, da ƙari ga fenti da mai) da DDT, waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su don magance sauro masu ɗauke da zazzabin cizon sauro a wasu sassan duniya.
Sinadarai da aka samar ba da gangan ba, kamar dioxins, waɗanda ke haifar da wasu hanyoyin masana'antu da kuma konewa (misali, ƙona sharar gida da na likitanci da kona sharar bayan gida).
Matsalar DDT
Wataƙila DDT na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magungunan kashe qwari da aka taɓa yi. Kimanin fam biliyan 4 na wannan sinadari mara tsada kuma mai tasiri a tarihi an samar da kuma amfani da shi a duk duniya tun daga 1940. A Amurka, DDT an yi amfani da shi sosai a kan amfanin gona, musamman auduga, daga 1945 zuwa 1972. DDT kuma an yi amfani da DDT don kare sojoji daga kamuwa da kwari cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da typhus a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, da muhimmanci ga kiwon lafiya. Yawan amfani da wannan sinadari mai tsayin daka, duk da haka, ya haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma tarin DDT a cikin mutane da namun daji - al'amarin da Rachel Carson ta kawo hankalin jama'a a cikin littafinta na 1962, Silent Spring. Arziki na dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya da bayanan filin yanzu sun tabbatar da bincike daga shekarun 1960 wanda ya ba da shawarar, a tsakanin sauran tasirin, cewa yawan matakan DDE (wani nau'in kwayar halitta na DDT) a cikin wasu tsuntsayen ganima ya sa kwandon kwai su yi bakin ciki sosai ba za su iya samar da 'ya'ya masu rai ba.
Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in tsuntsu musamman mai kula da DDE shine mikiya. Damuwar jama'a game da raguwar mikiya da yuwuwar wasu illolin da DDT ke haifarwa na dogon lokaci ga mutane da namun daji ya sa Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta soke rajistar DDT a 1972. Gaggafa tun daga lokacin ta fuskanci ɗayan mafi ban mamaki da aka dawo da jinsuna a tarihinmu.
Matafiya masu iyaka
Dust Dust: Wannan adadi ya nuna hoton tauraron dan adam na ratsa gajimare da kura ta ratsa tekun Pacific zuwa Arewacin Amurka. Wannan gajimaren kura ya tashi ne da wata guguwa a Asiya a cikin watan Afrilun 2001. An kuma nuna wani kurar kura daga arewacin Afirka da ke tafiya yamma a kan Tekun Atlantika.
Babban abin ƙarfafawa ga Yarjejeniyar Stockholm shine gano gurɓacewar POPs a cikin ƙananan yankuna na Arctic - dubban mil daga kowane sanannen tushe. Yawancin shaidun jigilar iskar gas mai nisa zuwa Amurka sun fi mayar da hankali kan ƙura ko hayaƙi saboda ana iya gani a hotunan tauraron dan adam. Binciko motsi na mafi yawan POPs a cikin muhalli yana da rikitarwa saboda waɗannan mahadi na iya kasancewa a matakai daban-daban (misali, a matsayin iskar gas ko manne da barbashi na iska) kuma ana iya musayar su tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli. Misali, ana iya ɗaukar wasu POPs tsawon mil da yawa lokacin da suke ƙafewa daga ruwa ko saman ƙasa zuwa cikin iska, ko kuma lokacin da suka ɗanɗana ƙwayoyin iska. Sa'an nan, za su iya komawa duniya a kan barbashi ko a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama, ko hazo. POPs kuma suna tafiya ta cikin tekuna, koguna, tafkuna, kuma, zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, tare da taimakon jigilar dabbobi, kamar nau'in ƙaura.
Wadanne Ayyukan Gida ne Aka ɗauka don Sarrafa POPs?
Amurka ta dauki tsauraran matakai na cikin gida don rage hayakin POPs. Misali, babu daya daga cikin ainihin magungunan kashe qwari na POPs da aka jera a Yarjejeniyar Stockholm da aka yiwa rajista don siyarwa da rarrabawa a cikin Amurka a yau kuma a cikin 1978, Majalisa ta hana kera PCBs kuma ta hana yin amfani da sauran hannun jari na PCB. Bugu da kari, tun daga 1987, EPA da jihohi sun rage yadda ake fitar da dioxins da furans zuwa kasa, iska, da ruwa daga tushen Amurka. Wadannan ayyuka na ka'ida, tare da ƙoƙarin son rai na masana'antun Amurka, sun haifar da raguwa fiye da kashi 85 cikin 1987 na dioxin da furotin da aka fitar bayan XNUMX daga sanannun masana'antu. Don ƙarin fahimtar haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da sakin dioxin, EPA ta kasance tana gudanar da cikakken kimanta kimiyyar dioxin kuma za ta kimanta ƙarin ayyuka waɗanda za su ƙara kare lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Tsaida Amfani da DDT
A cikin shekaru da yawa, Amurka ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don taƙaita amfani da DDT:
1969: Bayan nazarin dagewar ragowar DDT a cikin muhalli, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) ta soke rajistar wasu amfani da DDT (a kan bishiyar inuwa, akan taba, a cikin gida, da kuma a cikin ruwa).
1970: USDA ta soke aikace-aikacen DDT akan amfanin gona, tsire-tsire na kasuwanci, da kayayyakin itace, da kuma don dalilai na gini.
1972: A ƙarƙashin ikon EPA, an soke rajistar sauran samfuran DDT.
1989: Sauran amfanin da aka keɓe (amfani da lafiyar jama'a don sarrafa cututtukan da ke haifar da cuta, amfani da soji don keɓewa, da yin amfani da magungunan magani don sarrafa tsumma) an dakatar da su da son rai.
Yau: Babu rajistar Amurka don DDT, ma'ana ba za a iya siyar da shi ko rarraba ta bisa doka ba a cikin Amurka.
Sarrafa Dioxins
EPA ta bi tsarin sarrafawa da sarrafa dioxins da fursunoni zuwa iska, ruwa, da ƙasa. Dokar Tsabtace iska tana buƙatar aikace-aikacen mafi girman fasahar sarrafawa don gurɓataccen iska, gami da dioxins da furans. Manyan hanyoyin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan hukuma sun haɗa da na birni, likitanci, da kona shara masu haɗari; ɓangaren litattafan almara da masana'anta takarda; da kuma wasu hanyoyin samar da karafa da tacewa. Dioxin sakewa zuwa ruwa ana gudanar da su ta hanyar haɗakar haɗari da kayan aikin fasaha da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. Tsaftace ƙasa mai gurɓataccen dioxin muhimmin sashi ne na EPA Superfund da tsare-tsaren Kare Albarkatun Albarkatu da Dokar Farfadowa. Ayyukan sa kai don sarrafa dioxins da furans sun haɗa da EPA's Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxics Program da Dioxin Exposure Initiative, dukansu suna tattara bayanai don sanar da ayyuka na gaba da kuma ƙara rage haɗarin da ke tattare da bayyanar dioxin.
Ta yaya POPs ke shafar mutane da namun daji?
Nazarin ya danganta bayyanar POPs zuwa raguwa, cututtuka, ko rashin daidaituwa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan namun daji, gami da wasu nau'ikan kifi, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Dabbobin daji kuma suna iya aiki azaman saƙon lafiyar ɗan adam: rashin daidaituwa ko raguwar da aka gano a yawan namun daji na iya yin kararrawa da wuri ga mutane. Abubuwan da ba su dace ba da kuma lahani na haihuwa a cikin kifaye, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa a ciki da wajen Babban Tafkuna, alal misali, ya jagoranci masana kimiyya don bincika abubuwan da suka shafi POP a cikin yawan mutane (duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani game da Babban Tafkuna).
A cikin mutane, haifuwa, haɓakawa, ɗabi'a, neurologic, endocrin, da tasirin lafiyar immunologic an danganta su da POPs. An fi fallasa mutane ga POPs ta hanyar gurbataccen abinci. Hanyoyin da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da shan gurɓataccen ruwa da hulɗa kai tsaye tare da sinadarai. A cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, ana iya ɗaukar POPs ta wurin mahaifa da nono zuwa zuriya masu tasowa. Ya kamata a lura cewa, duk da wannan yuwuwar bayyanar, sanannun fa'idodin shayarwa ya zarce haɗarin da ake zargi.
Yawan jama'a suna cikin haɗari na musamman na bayyanar POPs, gami da mutanen da abincinsu ya haɗa da kifaye masu yawa, kifin kifi, ko abincin daji waɗanda ke da kitse da aka samu a gida. Misali, ’yan asalin ƙasar na iya fuskantar haɗari musamman saboda suna kiyaye al’adun al’adu da na ruhaniya da suka shafi abincinsu. A wurinsu, kamun kifi da farauta ba wasa ba ne ko nishaɗi, amma suna cikin al’adar al’ada, ta rayuwa, wanda ba a barnatar da wani abu mai amfani a cikin kama. A yankuna masu nisa na Alaska da sauran wurare, abincin da ake samu a cikin gida na iya zama zaɓin da ake iya samu don abinci mai gina jiki (duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani kan Arctic).
Bugu da ƙari, mutane masu hankali, kamar yara, tsofaffi, da waɗanda ke da tsarin garkuwar jiki, yawanci sun fi sauƙi ga nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa, gami da POPs. Saboda an danganta POPs da lahani na haihuwa, maza da mata na shekarun haihuwa suna iya fuskantar haɗari.
POPS da Sarkar Abinci
POPs suna aiki ta hanyar tsarin abinci ta hanyar tarawa a cikin kitsen jikin rayayyun halittu da kuma samun mai da hankali yayin da suke motsawa daga wannan halitta zuwa wata. Ana kiran wannan tsari da "biomagnification." Lokacin da gurɓataccen abu da aka samu da ɗanɗano kaɗan a ƙasan sarkar abinci biomagnify, suna iya haifar da babban haɗari ga mafarauta waɗanda ke cin abinci a saman sarkar abinci. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da ƙananan fitowar POPs na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci.
Biomagnification in Action: Wani bincike na 1997 da Shirin Kula da Kulawa na Arctic, mai suna Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report, ya gano cewa caribou a cikin yankunan Arewa maso yammacin Kanada yana da nauyin PCB sau 10 kamar lichen da suke kiwo; Matakan PCB a cikin kerkeci da suke ciyar da caribou sun girma kusan sau 60 fiye da lichen.
Matsayin Kimiyya
Kodayake masana kimiyya suna da ƙarin koyo game da sinadarai na POPs, shekarun da suka gabata na binciken kimiyya sun haɓaka iliminmu na tasirin POPs akan mutane da namun daji. Misali, binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa ƙananan allurai na wasu POPs suna da illa ga wasu tsarin gabobin jiki da kuma abubuwan haɓakawa. Har ila yau, binciken ya nuna cewa bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum ga ƙananan allurai na wasu POPs na iya haifar da gazawar tsarin haihuwa da na rigakafi. Fuskantar manyan matakan wasu sinadarai na POPs - sama da yadda mutane da namun daji ke saduwa da su - na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ko mutuwa. Nazarin cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi na fallasa yawan mutane da nazarin namun daji na iya ba da ƙarin bayani kan tasirin lafiya. Duk da haka, saboda irin waɗannan karatun ba su da iko fiye da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wasu matsalolin ba za a iya kawar da su ba a matsayin sanadin illa.
Yayin da muke ci gaba da nazarin POPs, za mu ƙara koyo game da haɗarin bayyanar POPs ga jama'a, nawa wasu nau'o'in (ciki har da mutane) suka fallasa, da kuma irin tasirin da POPs ke da shi akan waɗannan nau'o'in da kuma yanayin su. EPA ta haɓaka rahoton da ke taƙaita kimiyya akan POPs (duba Albarkatun ƙasa).
Tafkunan POPs
Ana iya adana POPs a cikin magudanar ruwa da ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar fitar da ruwa mai fitar da ruwa, ajiyar yanayi, zubar ruwa, da sauran hanyoyin. Saboda POPs suna da ƙarancin solubility na ruwa, suna haɗa ƙarfi da ƙarfi don ɓarna kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan ruwa. A sakamakon haka, sediments na iya zama tafki ko "nutse" don POPs. Lokacin da aka haɗa su a cikin waɗannan sediments, ana iya fitar da POPs daga wurare dabam dabam na dogon lokaci. Idan damuwa, duk da haka, za a iya sake dawo da su cikin yanayin muhalli da sarkar abinci, mai yuwuwar zama tushen gurɓata gida, har ma da duniya.
An ambaci SINOYQX daga Masu Gurɓatar Dabbobi Masu Zaman Kansu: Batu Na Duniya, Martani Na Duniya | US EPA